Cause of Pyoderma

Pyoderma is caused by Staphylococcus intermedius that inoculates itself through the break of the skin in dogs.  The bacteria will then colonize themselves and cause an infection as well as inflammatory condition that can result to numerous signs and symptoms that can produce discomfort.  There are a number of conditions that can cause the break in your dog’s skin and can become risk factors for bacterial infections.  These conditions are:

• Scabies
• Allergy
• Atopic dermatitis
• Flea bites
• Poor grooming
• Use of immunosuppressant drugs (e.g. glucocorticoids)
• Presence of autoimmune disorders
• Trauma
• Bites that are either self-inflicted or from other animals
• Poor diet

Signs and Symptoms of Pyoderma

Once the bacteria triggers an inflammatory reaction after infecting your dog, these signs and symptoms manifest themselves and may indicate prompt medical attention.

• Rash that is commonly starts at the trunk, eventually spreading to the entire body
• Itchiness
• Formation of pustules or pimples filled with puss
• Red, and at times, warm skin.
• Alopecia or patches of hair loss, often circumscribed and red
• Greasy coat due to stimulation of oil glands

Treatment of Pyoderma

If pyoderma is secondary to an underlying condition, it is advised to address that condition before you treat pyoderma.  Often times, the signs and symptoms of pyoderma will resolve themselves when the underlying cause is treated.  Treating pyoderma without addressing the main cause will only make your efforts useless.

If your dog is taking glucocorticoids or corticosteroids, wait until the end of the therapy before you apply treatment.  If you suspect that your dog is allergic to something, find out what is causing that allergy and do your best to remove the allergen in your dog’s diet.  Do remember that allergens are not limited to food.  Your dog’s shampoo, flea powder, or even supplements can cause the allergy.

However, if your dog’s condition is so severe, your vet may advice you treat the pyoderma along with the underlying condition.   As you are curing the cause, you may want to place special attention to your dog’s hygiene and grooming.

It is important that you bathe our dog every 2 to 7 days to help wash out the scabs that can be additional sources of nutrients for the bacteria.  Use an antibacterial shampoo containing chlorhexidine, benzoyl peroxide, or ethyllactate to wipe out the colony of bacteria.

Your vet may also prescribe a systemic antibiotic to be given orally to your dog for 3-4 weeks plus an additional 1 week after the clinical manifestations are gone.  If you notice your dog experiencing pyoderma a week after stopping the therapy, it indicates that the antibiotic therapy was inadequate and must be restarted a bit aggressively compared to the previous treatment.

There are instances during antibiotic therapy that symptoms do not improve.  This means that the bacteria are resistant to the current antibiotic therapy.  Culture and sensitivity tests may be done to target the exact medication that can eradicate the bacteria and therapy needs to be restarted.

Your dog will improve as long as the underlying cause is eliminated and the appropriate therapy is given.  Make sure to keep up with your dog’s scheduled check up to see if the therapy is effective or needs to be modified.

First, prepare your dog’s bed.  Make sure that the bed is soft enough to give your dog comfort, but firm enough to support your dog during the healing process.  Provide warmth for some dogs can experience a chill as a post-anesthesia effect.  If the weather is too warm, place the sleeping area in the coolest place of the house.

For the first 24-72 hours your dog will be somewhat unstable. Do not expect to have your dog running around like the usual.  Here are the following behaviors from your dog post-surgery and what you can do to help him cope with them.

• Anorexia or lack of appetite and that includes water.  However if it continues for more than 24 hours, you need to call your vet so he will tell you what to do.
  • Solution: your dog should not be given anything by mouth for a duration that your vet would order.  Usually, it may last for 24-72 hours
• Another thing to expect post-surgery is nausea and vomiting.
  • Solution: your vet would recommend not feeding your dog anything for 24 hours after going home. Afterwards, feed your dog small and frequently until your dog recovers.  Ask your vet what to give your dog to remedy an upset stomach.
• Your dog will be lethargic as his or her nervous system recovers from the effects of anesthesia.
  • Solution: let your dog rest and do not force any strenuous activities or active play for several days.  Gradually introduce activity after 3-5 days, always being careful not to over-exert your dog.
• Your dog’s sense of balance will also be affected; your dog may stumble every now and then.
  • Solution: watch where your dog is going, and do not let your dog go outside or at the stairs.  Your dog may encounter an accident that may
• Expect urinary and fecal incontinence for a few days, and that means accidents.
  • Solution: you may need to line your dog’s bed or crate with absorbent matting that will protect the mattress.  Be prepared to do some extra washing and do not scold or punish your dog whenever the accidents happen.  Once the effect of anesthesia wears off, your dog will regain bladder and bowel control.
• Because of the pain from the surgery, your dog will be irritated and aggressive.
  • Solution: keep your kids away from your dog for a while and do not play with your dog too aggressively.  If your dog does not feel like playing, do not force the issue.  Other dogs should also be kept away from her for a few days.  Always make sure that you keep up with your dog’s pain medication to lessen the pain and discomfort.
• Your dog will have the constant desire to lick at the sutures because of the discomfort.
  • Solution: prevent this action by keeping on your dog’s Elizabeth collar on.  This is the collar that is shaped almost exactly like a lamp shade.  This is to be kept on for 14 days, until the sutures are removed.  Your dog’s saliva has many bacteria that can infect the incision.

Your vet will recommend a diet that will help promote the healing process.  Usually, the diet is rich in protein, fiber, and also some supplements just in case your dog will have no appetite for a long time.  Clean your dog’s suture three times a day with betadine for the duration that is recommended by your doctor.

This will help hasten the healing process, and also protect your dog from infection.  Do not let your dog jump around and run while the suture is still intact. Excessive activity will only break open the suture, causing further complications.  If your dog is not showing any signs of improvement for 72 hours, go to the vet so proper management will be given and complications are prevented.

You may be tempted to start saving on dog food.  Dog food is indeed expensive, more so compared to human food.  It is not advisable to go cheap on your dog’s nutrition.  The better the food he eats, the healthier he will be, minimizing cost on vet visits because of illness brought about by bad nutrition. 

If you cannot avoid doing so, consider the one that is next in line to your dog food rather than those incredibly cheap ones on sale.  They only contain fillers and extenders that are designed to make the portions look big; in reality, these are less satisfying for your dog.  You will only end up buying either the equivalent of your usual expense on dog food, and even more.

Maintain your dog by grooming him yourself.  Have a friend teach you the basic ways to help groom your dog if you do not know how, or look for a free dog grooming class that is held in your town every now and then.  You will end up saving up to $500 dollars a year just on pet grooming services alone.

Refrain yourself from buying that cute toy that you just saw at the pet store.  It is not needed, especially if you have more than a dozen toys for your dog.  If you see your dog getting bored with his toys, hide all of them for 3 days, leaving out just one toy for him to play with.  Then you can start cycling the toys by bringing out a new toy every couple of days or so while hiding the one he has finished playing with.  Remember to always wash them before you store them away to keep them clean.  If you must buy a toy, buy something that will stand the attacks of your dog’s teeth.  This way, the toy will last longer and there are fewer chances that he will accidentally destroy it.

Mix the treats that you give your dog.  Your dog’s favorite kibble can be used as a good treat for him every now and then.  Vegetables such as carrots and broccoli are most loved by dogs and can also be used as a treat when your dog has done a good deed.  If kibbles are to be used, measure the amount that you will use in a day so you will be able to extend a bag for days or weeks.   If your dog is not lactose intolerant, cheese can also be a perfect treat for them.

If you wish to keep your dog adorable by giving them clothes, you do not have to buy a new one every now and then.  Three sets of clothing will be enough to last him for a year or so, depending on how well you wash and store them.

Once you have started getting into saving the right way for your dog, everything will follow.  The general rule is, do not save on dog food, but save on anything else.  If you are buying cheap products, make sure you are getting a good deal by checking its quality and durability.  Buying a cheap object that will only need to be replaced often will cost you more than what you think you are saving.

Unfortunately, dogs are not able to tell us outright that they are feeling something painful, so it is up to dog owners to observe and decipher their body language.  Generally, dogs who are in pain would exhibit the following conditions:

• Your dog’s heart rate and respiratory rate will increase.  As a reaction to pain, your dog’s body will produce a several hormones that will dull out the pain.  These hormones can cause your dog to breath excessively and have a heart rate that is above normal.  Normal respiratory rate of dogs are between 15-20 breaths per minute while normal heart rate is between 80-120 beats per minute.

• Whenever your dog would feel the onset of pain, he may moan and whimper.  Excessive pain will cause him to yelp if he cannot stand it.

• Your dog will assume a guarded position where he would crouch down and try to support the painful body part.  If a leg is painful, he would protect it by keeping it elevated.

• Your dog will also have the reduced desire to move or be active.  He is likely to just lie down on his bed and wait for the pain to go away.  If you observe him closely you will notice that he would occasionally look at the area from time to time and lick it in an attempt to soothe himself.

• He would also have that glassy eyed appearance as his concentration is centered on the pain and not on his surroundings.

• Behavioral changes can also happen.  Your dog may either become excessively affectionate for wanting comfort.  Or, he may be belligerent and snarl, growl, and bark at anyone that comes near for fear that the pain will be intensified due to contact.

• You will also observe that your dog will lack the desire to eat or drink.

• If the pain is intense, your dog will tremble and can stumble while walking.

• He may also sleep less as the pain keeps your dog awake.

There are some dogs that have such a low pain threshold that they will immediately make you aware that they are feeling something by constant whining and moaning.

Other dog breeds, on the other hand, have a higher tolerance to pain and will tolerate it as much as they can.  The only way for you to know that they are feeling something is by observing for any change in usual behavior.  Take note on when you noticed the change in behavior for your vet will need this to make a conclusive diagnosis of your dog’s condition.

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• Straining during bowel movements
• Distended stomach
• Yelping during defecation
• Reluctance to defecate
• Loss of appetite
• Increased frequency of bowel movement but with small or scant amount of stool

Constipation is not breed-specific in dogs.  Any breed can experience the problem.  Mostly it is observed on older dogs because the peristaltic movement of the intestines has slowed down.  A diet that has low amounts of fiber and with high levels of protein can also be a factor in causing constipation.  Lack of water intake during a hot, balmy day is also seen as a reason for your dog to get constipated.

Remedies

It’s very easy to solve canine constipation, as long as you know the cause.

1)  Always make sure that your dog is properly hydrated.  A dog that is suffering from dehydration will lose bulk and lubrication in stool, making it difficult to defecate.  See to it that his water bottle is always filled with water.  Place a bowl of water beside your dog’s food bowl during eating to encourage your dog to drink after eating.

2)  Increase the fiber intake of your food by giving him vegetables and oat bran.  If your dog is very fond of kibbles, read the package and check if it has at least 5% of fiber in it.

3)  Canned pumpkin is also a common remedy for constipation because of its high fiber and water content.  Your vet will guide you on just how much to feed to your dog depending on his size and weight.

4)  With dogs being lactose intolerant, milk can promote bowel movement.  Give this only when your dog is constipated and not when his body system is normal.  This can cause and also worsen diarrhea, so use it with caution.

5)  Increase the frequency of your dog’s exercise. Muscle movement promotes increased metabolism and also peristaltic movement.

6)  Laxatives can also help cure your dog of constipation.  However, these are to be used with caution and with the guidance of your vet.  Abuse and misuse of the medication can only worsen constipation problems of your dog.

See which solutions can be suitable for your dogs.  You may try to mix two remedies to make sure it would work, but always with caution.  Always check with your vet to see which remedy can give the best results with the minimum amount of discomfort.

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Get to know your dog’s nail anatomy first before you proceed on grooming.  Unlike human nails, it has an extension of blood vessels in a part called the quick.  This nail part also has nerve endings.  Cutting through this part will cause bleeding and pain, so be very careful.

For dogs that have light colored nails, the quick is seen as a pale pink part.   Dogs with dark-colored nails need to be trimmed carefully for this part cannot be seen.

Buy a really sharp nail clipper that is specially made for dogs.  Ordinary nail cutters cannot cut through your dog’s nails effectively and comfortably.  Invest in a good one for you will be doing a lot of trimming.  It is best to start clipping away while your dog is still a puppy so he can get used to the ritual.

Do not cut the nails right away.  You must prepare your dog before you go through the procedure. Not doing so will cause some anxiety and your dog will resist your attempts every way possible.

Try to touch your dog’s paws first and talk to him in a soothing manner.  Introduce the nail clipper to him and tell him what it is designed to do.  Don’t cut away the entire paw of your dog.  Just start with a nail or two then proceed again the next day.

When you cut your dog’s nail, it is important that both you and your dog are comfortably positioned.   You may place your dog on top of the table either with him on his stomach or lying on his side.  Talk to him in a soothing, calming voice throughout the entire procedure to calm him down and to reassure him.

Grasp the clipper with your dominant hand and unsheathe the nail carefully.  If your dog has clear nails, cut up to 2mm of the nails, almost but not quite touching the quick.  For dogs with nails of darker color, chip away carefully.  Look in your dog’s nail after each small nip.  Stop when you see a large, pearly gray area at the top cross section of your dog’s nail.

There may be times when even though you are careful, you will still cut through the quick.  Your dog will yelp in pain and bleed. You can apply pressure on the nail with the use of a light tissue.  If you want to stop the bleeding immediately, a styptic pencil with silver nitrate seal the edge.  To stop the bleeding, you have to rotate the styptic pencil on the cut end of the nail.

Since the area is quite raw, your dog will not like it.  You may also wait for the bleeding to stop; generally 5 minutes is all it takes or less for the blood to clot.  If it continues to go beyond that time frame, go to the vet.  Remember to do the same procedure to your dog’s dew claw. It is attached at the side of your dog’s leg above the rest of the other toes.

You and your dog will do a lot of struggling during the first few cuts.  Keep up with the grooming, though, for it will keep your dog’s skin and fur safe from getting destroyed by sharp, overly long nails.

To start with dental care, it is important that you not sit down with your dog and have a go at it in one shot.  This can only lead to a huge struggle that can end up with your dog resenting each tooth brushing session.  Or worse, you might get bitten in the process. Remember that you are in very, VERY close proximity with your dog’s mouth and huge danger of getting bitten if you don’t do this process right.

1)  The first thing that you have to do is to have your dog get used to you introducing something in his mouth that does not necessarily mean food.  You may want to buy a few samples of dog toothpaste in your pet store, or have your vet suggest a popular toothpaste that is always bought by other pet owners.  You must not use human toothpaste for your dog will swallow it and can cause him to become ill.

Dog toothpaste comes in several flavors that is quite similar to the taste of food much loved by dogs.  They are also formulated to be safe for dogs when they swallow it.  See which toothpaste your dog would like.  Have him taste the toothpaste several times in the day until he gets used to it.

2)  Next thing you have to do is introduce him to the tooth brush.  Tooth brushes come in several forms.  For small dogs, a toothbrush that fits on your finger is ideal.  This is just like the brush for babies, only with a lot more bristles.

Let him investigate the toothbrush through smelling and licking.  Tell him what the tooth brush is for and that the next time he sees it, it would be used for brushing his teeth.  It may help if you let your dog see you brushing your teeth.

3)  When your dog has chosen his preferred toothpaste and has also accepted his toothbrush, you can now start introducing it into his mouth.  Don’t be concerned with brushing your dog’s teeth at this point.

Just place a small amount of toothpaste on the toothbrush would be enough.  Proceed in rubbing the toothbrush against your dog’s teeth.  Just make it fun and not long-drawn.  Just start rubbing it from the back teeth up to the front.  It should take just about 30 seconds or less.

4)  Once your dog has gotten used to having an object being rubbed on his teeth, you can now start with serious brushing.  Have a towel handy, and do not wear your favorite clothes.  Your dog might slobber on you, so take precautions.  Assume a comfortable position that allows you access to your dog’s teeth without straining yourself and your dog.

Lift your dog’s upper lips and brush your dog’s teeth and gums.  Do not worry about having limited access at first.  Just start with what’s visible, rubbing in a firm, circular motion as you clean your dog’s teeth.

Eventually, your dog will allow you to reach the teeth located at the very back of his mouth.  That area needs special attention for it is most loved by bacteria that cause periodontal disease.  Start with the top set of teeth before moving to the bottom.

5)  Wash your dog’s toothbrush well and store it in a dry place away from your dog’s and children’s reach.  Don’t put it along with your own set of toothbrush for you may accidentally use it.

Remember to praise your dog with each process, and never make toothbrushing a stressful ritual.  Talk to your dog with a calm, encouraging voice to ease his worry over the procedure.  Give your dog a treat after brushing.

When done right, your dog will look forward to brushing his teeth.  If your dog is among the breeds that are predisposed to dental problems, always make sure to have a regular dental check up and cleaning with your vet.  The added attention will keep your dog’s teeth clean, white, and healthy.

Signs and Symptoms of Wax Build-UP

One of the tell-tale signs of ear wax build-up is presentation of brown ear wax in dogs.  This is seen when you lift your dog’s ears.  You won’t be able to see pass the ear canal for the build-up has blocked visualization of your dog’s ear.  This blockage further limits the circulation of air in your dog’s ear, trapping in moisture and heat that is quite conducive for microbial growth.

Your dog will also continually scratch his ears, shaking his head, and his pillow or blanket will show small amounts of ear wax that your dog has shaken loose.  Odor is also noted in your dog’s ear when ear wax has accumulated.

Treatment

You might be tempted, but you must refrain yourself from using Q-tips, small pointed objects, or any other similar contraption that can fit itself inside your dog’s ears.  Inserting objects inside your dog’s ear canal will only push the ear wax further inside your dog’s ear and can cause other ear problems.  Other than that, there is a high risk of you puncturing your dog’s ear drum.

Before cleaning your dog’s ear, you may want to loosen the ear wax.  There are some solutions available in your vet’s office for this purpose.  Others recommend a mixture of vinegar and water to help loosen the wax.  A mixture of 1 part vinegar and 2 parts water is used as an ear wax softener.  If you are using this mixture, you may need to have something to put this inside your dog’s ears.

A turkey baster, a medicine dropper, or a small syringe without a needle can do the trick.  Pure cotton balls and a couple of towels are also needed.  Change into a pair of clothing that you won’t worry about getting stained or ruined.  Gloves, masks, and goggles are optional, but if you’re feeling squeamish over flying earwax you may want these protective equipments with you.

You need to do this in an area where you won’t worry about getting expensive furniture or equipment getting damaged.  A pillow may also be necessary to support your dog’s head on your lap. Once these materials and equipments are set up, then you’re ready to go.

1)  Lay your dog sideways with his head supported by your lap. If the position is too awkward, you may need to place a pillow to further elevate his head.  Gently and carefully lift up your dog’s ear to reveal the ear canal.  If you plan to use a commercial brand of ear solution, follow the package instructions on how much to place in your dog’s ears.

If you’re going to use the homemade solution a tablespoon is enough for big dogs, while a teaspoon is good for small dogs and puppies.  Restrain your dog gently and firmly while you place the solution in his ear while talking to him soothingly and calmly.  Do not let your dog shake his head yet.  Placing your fingers behind his ears, carefully shake it for 30-60 seconds until a squishing sound is heart.

Let go of your dog and let him shake his head.  Expect to have some flying ear wax while he’s doing it.  If you don’t have any personal protective equipment, you may want to stand clear and protect yourself from getting hit.

2)  With a lot of cotton balls, clean your dog’s ear softly and carefully.  Roll the cotton ball to fit inside the canal and let it soak the ear wax and remaining solution.  You can remove the loosened ear wax with a scooping motion, wiping outward and upward.

Change cotton balls in each turn, until the cotton balls are clean.  Wipe out any earwax left outside your dog’s ears and those located inside crevices. If indicated, apply the ear medication.  Do the same process with the other ear.

After the process, praise your dog, give him a hug and a treat.  Never make this a huge ordeal and see to it that your dog is comfortable throughout the entire procedure.  It is recommended that you do this cleaning on a weekly basis, or according to the advice of your vet.

Note: Constant shaking of head, scratching of ear, pain when scratching, pus or bloody discharge, foul smell, and imbalance are signs of ear infection.  it is advised that you have your dog checked by a vet to rule out presence of ear infection or for prompt and immediate treatment.

Small breeds can also develop this condition, depending on their genetic make-up.  Depending on your dog’s condition and type of arthritis, your dog may start to show signs of arthritis as late as 10 years or as early as 4 years.

Types of Canine Arthritis

There are many types of canine arthritis in dogs.  Each have different causes, but all create the same mobility and comfort problems that your dog has to cope with.

• Osteoarthritis: commonly a problem of old dogs, this is a degenerative joint condition that results from the destruction of the cartilage that protects the joint heads.  If this protective coating is destroyed, the bones would rub against each other, causing progressive erosion.

• Immune-mediated: a type of arthritis where your dog’s own immune system attacks the join’s protective coating.  This would result to an inflammatory response that can cause swelling, pain, and stiffness.

• Infections: some forms of arthritis are caused by microbial infections.

• Idiopathic: a type of arthritis where the cause is unknown no matter how intensive the clinical studies are performed.

Causes of Canine Arthritis

Each type of arthritis has different causes.  The following are among the common causes of canine arthritis documented through extensive studies and research.

• Age: as dogs grow old, their bodies degenerate and that includes their joints.  Although a common cause, some dogs can reach old age without experiencing arthritis, or some dogs can suffer the condition without necessarily being old.

• Genetics: some breed types are much more predisposed to experiencing arthritis compared to others.  Bad breeding techniques applied by indiscriminating dog breeders have also caused some changes in the genes of dogs that normally should be tolerant to arthritis

• Diet: poor feeding practices in dogs can cause arthritis in dogs.   Improper balancing of minerals and protein can cause some inflammatory problems that can lead to formation of arthritis.

• Hip Dysplacia: dogs that have this condition are certainly predisposed to having the disease.  Caused by genetic and/or environmental factors, a dog with this condition his observed with weak and painful joints.

• Obesity: since the problem is often located on weight-bearing joints, a dog that his obese will be predisposed to this condition because of the excess weight that is causing pressure on joints.

• Trauma: a highly active dog may experience some repeated trauma, or have a severe one that can damage a joint cartilage or two.  Trauma can include accidents, falls, a bad landing from a high jump, or a bad step while running.

Signs and Symptoms of Canine Arthritis

Even though there are different types of arthritis, generally they have the same signs and symptoms.  These signs and symptoms of canine arthritis can come either gradually or abruptly, depending on your dog’s condition.

• Your dog may gradually prefer one limb over the other, or limping.

• Your dog will start to show reluctance in walking or climbing steep hills or stairs. The dog also refuses or is having a hard time jumping and playing.

• Depending on your dog’s type of arthritis, stiffness may be noted in the morning upon waking up, or late in the afternoon.

• Standing up after sleeping is a problem, or after resting for a long time

• Refusing to be touched for the slightest pressure on the joints is extremely painful.

• Mood changes because of lack of mobility and change in lifestyle and pain.  Your normally cheerful dog will be highly sensitive, gloomy, and even irritable.

Relief Measures for Canine Arthritis

There are a lot of relief measures for canine arthritis, ranging from home remedies, medications, physical therapy, and surgery.  A mix of the treatments applied according to your dog’s health status for rehabilitation to be effective.

Home Remedies:

• Exercise your dog regularly.  It is not necessary to tire your dog out.  What’s important is to keep your dog active without causing harm on his joints.  Jogging, jumping, going through obstacle courses to beat a time limit are no longer suitable activities for him.  What you need to do is have him out for a walk for a certain length, or better yet take him out for a swim.  Swimming allows your dog to use all of his major muscle groups and without putting pressure on his joints.

• Manage your dog’s weight.  As obesity is the cause or one of the aggravating conditions, helping your dog lose weight will be one of the best management for canine arthritis.

• Dietary supplements: Supplements high in anti-inflammatory properties such as MSM can be very good to help lessen the inflammation of your dog’s joints.

• Proper sleeping conditions.  Provide a firm mattress that can support your dog’s weight without getting deformed.  Place it in a warm place away from drafts to lessen your dog’s stiffness while he sleeps.  Keep it elevated than usual so your dog will find it easy to lie down on it as well as get up from.

• Massage your dog: softly massage your dog’s paws in a smooth motion towards the heart.  This will help circulate your dog’s blood, sooth him, and as well as give you the chance to feel for any deformities or lumps.

• Heat application: heat packs are just perfect to help lessen your dog’s pain. Heat packs applied on your dog’s knees, shoulders, and hips for 20 minutes, 3 times a day is just like the paraffin wax treatment used for human arthritis and can relieve pain the same way.

• Acupuncture: see to it that the person giving acupuncture to your dog is highly trained for this procedure.  Ask your vet if he has undergone such training or he could refer you to someone who is capable of giving this treatment to your dog.  Depending on how effective the treatment is, your dog may have lesser pain medication or none at all.

Therapy:

This treatment will greatly limit the progression of joint stiffness due to canine arthritis.  Ask your vet for proper range of motion exercises that can be done to your dog to keep the integrity of your dog’s joints intact without causing harm and further degeneration.

Medications:

For pain management, you may need to use NSAID’s that are either over the counter or prescribed.  Just remember to ask for your vet’s advice on how to give them to your dog.  Never use your own medication to help your dog for its formulation is quite toxic for your canine friend

• Rimadyl^®:  This medication is to be used with caution for it can bring out serious side effects.  Liver and blood tests are to be done regularly to make sure that the drug does not adversely affect your dog.

• Adequan: given via injection twice a week, this drug relieves pain, helps cartilage repair, inhibit the action of inflammatory enzymes, and promote the production of synovial fluid (the fluid found in joints).  This is given to your dog up to 4 weeks to relieve pain and inflammation.

• Palprin6 – this is a buffered aspirin given in a chewable form.  What’s good about this drug is that the gastrointestinal irritation commonly experienced in aspirin is eliminated. Do note that this medication is only for canine use, so don’t be tempted to use it for yourself.

Surgery:

If the deformity or degeneration as well as pain, swelling, and motility problems are so severe, your vet may recommend corrective surgery for your dog.  Before you agree to this procedure, consider the health status and stamina of your canine friend.

Evaluate first if your dog can tolerate the procedure, and if your dog can handle the stress of healing without experiencing any complications.  After surgery, your dog still requires therapy to promote limb function.

As with any other types of disease in dogs, prompt and adequate management through proper diagnosis is the vital in solving canine arthritis.  Once you see the signs and symptoms of canine arthritis manifesting in your dog, do not hesitate to have an appointment with your vet.

Remember that treatment for each dog is unique.  What would work for one will not necessarily work for the other and vice versa.  These treatments are only aimed to help your dog cope with the difficulties of arthritis and not cure him totally of the disease.

Try and experiment with each treatment to see which of them your dog responds better to.  The earlier you treat your dog’s arthritis, the better prognosis your dog will have in coping with canine arthritis.

Note: this article is not intended to replace professional advice and recommendation of veterinarians.  This serves only as a guide or as an information supplement for canine arthritis.  Your vet is still the best person to diagnose and give treatment for your dog.

Seizures are caused by a neurological disturbance in the brain.  These disturbances can cause a loss of consciousness on your dog, and can proceed to sending off series of uncontrolled electrical impulses from the brain to several parts of the body, particularly the limbs and facial muscles.  An attack can be quite disturbing and definitely exhausting for your pet.

Causes of seizures in dogs

Usually the cause of seizures is unknown.  Approximately around 5% of dogs suffer idiopathic seizures.  This means even in the absence of a known cause, your dog may still suffer from an attack when it is least expected.   However, some dogs suffer seizures because of the following:

• Genetics: certain dog breeds are more prone to suffering seizures compared to others.  These breeds can include but not excluding:
  • Cocker-Spaniels
  • Labrador
  • Golden retrievers
  • German shepherds
  • Beagles
  • Dachshunds.
• Blood sugar levels: a drop in blood sugar can cause loss of consciousness and seizure in dogs that have been given too much insulin.  High levels can also cause seizures.

• Hypocalcemia: usually seen in puppies with an acute infestation of worms.  It can also happen in lactating dogs for their calcium storage is being secreted in breast milk.

• Medical conditions: liver and kidney disease have been linked to seizure disorders.  Liver problems can cause the increase in ammonia in the blood, while kidney problems can cause electrolyte imbalances and build up of toxins that lead to seizures.

• Head Trauma: a dog that just had an accident or has been given a blow on the head is at high risk for having seizures.  Blood clots can form in the brain, as well as swelling that can cause an inflammatory response that can compromise blood circulation in the brain.  This can disrupt the flow of impulses in the brain as well as cause an imbalance in the neurotransmitters, causing seizure episodes.

• Infections: encephalitis is a common cause of seizures, as well as distemper and rabies to name a few.

• Toxins: lead toxicity is one of the major causes of seizure episodes in dogs for it is commonly found within the household (i.e. tarpaper, roofing materials, peeling oil-based paints, etc).  Certain foods can also cause seizure such as onions and chocolates.

General symptoms of Seizures

Dogs show different signs and symptoms of seizures depending on the degree of severity of an attack.

• Petit Mal: this type of seizure is often missed by dog owners because the signs and symptoms are somewhat similar to other medical conditions.  Signs and symptoms include:
  • Fine tremors
  • Excessive salivation/drooling
  • Whining
  • Spontaneous urination
  • Loss of balance
• Grand Mal: the most violent type of seizure.  Major muscle parts of the body are greatly affected, leading to more obvious manifestations.  Also known as tonic-clonic seizure, your dog will first show sudden rigidity of limbs that can be accompanied by a stop in breathing that can last for 30 seconds.  Los of consciousness may or may not ensue, followed by the excessive muscular stimulation.

• Status epilepticus: by far the most alarming type of seizure in dogs.  May present either petit mal or grand mal seizure that can last for more than five minutes.  This is the most life-threatening type of seizure, with the risk of cardio-pulmonary arrest, as well as oxygen deprivation of the brain.

Stages

Dogs exhibit an attack in several phases.  Knowing and understanding these phases can help you recognize an impending seizure and what to do as your dog pass each one.

• Pre-Ictal phase – dogs exhibit certain behaviors before an onset of an attack. Initially, they would be hyperactive and anxious, as if sensing that an attack would occur any moment.  The would seek out the owner and would often be highly affectionate, as if seeking help or reassurance.  Others would prefer to look for a dark, quiet place and wait for the seizure to take over.

• Ictal phase– this is the onset of the seizure itself.  Usual attacks can last between seconds to 5 minutes.  It is important that you do not touch or do anything to your dog for you may severely injure yourself in the process.  Countless owners have been hospitalized because of the attempt to prevent the dog from “swallowing its tongue” during an attack. All you have to do is stay with your dog and wait for the seizure to stop.  Do not panic, do not shout, and do not shake your dog.  Doing so would only prolong the episode.  Move your dog to a rug on the floor, turn off the lights or draw the shades.  You must also turn of any form of noise in the room such the TV or radio.  Keep the kids from the room for this can be severely distressing for them and can cause them to cry out and scream, making matters worse.

• Post-Ictal Phase – after an episode, your dog will be severely spent and exhausted.  He would also show some difficulty so it is highly imperative that you remain with your dog to comfort him in this phase.  Your dog may be will be blind for nearly an hour or so, deaf, uncoordinated and unbalanced, and can be highly frightened. You must sooth and comfort your dog as he recovers his senses.  If he did not defecate or urinate in the ictal phase, he would do so now.

Treatment

Medication for seizure is commonly directed on the cause of the seizure.  Medical conditions are properly treated, and external factors are eliminated as much as possible.  The modality of treatment for this condition is more palliative than curative.  Anti-seizure medications are given to prevent increased occurrence of seizure and lessen its duration, but not stop it from occurring totally.

Treatments include Phenobarbital, potassium bromide, as well as primidone.  The treatment takes about 1 to 2 weeks.  It is important that you bring your dog to the vet when seizure has occurred to fully diagnose the cause as well as give adequate and prompt treatment for the condition.

They also multiply quite rapidly, and would eventually overwhelm your dog.  Your once perky little playmate will become this quiet, forlorn, and weak little thing that you can barely distinguish from its original self.

Common Types of Parasitic Worms on Dogs

To understand how worms affect your dog and how to eliminate them, you must know the common helminthes (parasitic worms) that infest your dogs.

Round worms

These worms are transmitted on your dog from the mother.  They are transmitted during their gestational period in their mother’s womb, through breast milk, or through contaminated feces.  If your dog is flea-infested, chances are he would also have an infestation of roundworms.  These worms stay in your dog’s intestine and feed over the digested contents.  They can grow for as long as 4 inches, and being voracious and proliferative as they are, your dog will manifest the following signs and symptoms:

• Failure to thrive or malnourished
• Dull coat even with the use of special shampoo
• Lethargy
• Diarrhea and/or vomiting.

Do note that sometimes, your dog will not show any signs of worm infestation.  In severe cases, cysts filled with larvae will be formed because they have migrated outside of your dog’s intestinal tract and into some body parts, particularly muscles.  It is important to treat your dog of roundworms for they also infect humans.

Tapeworms

They are called as such for they resemble a flat ribbon, growing as much as 24 inches in length.  The segments are just filled with eggs, and the worm propagates whenever the segments break off.  What’s curious about tapeworms is that in order to be transmitted, they need to have a different intermediate host like a flea before it hatches.

Your dog will then ingest the host, and the larvae will continue to develop inside your dog’s digestive tract.  These tapeworms feed on your dog by sticking itself to your dog’s intestinal wall, thereby sucking your dog’s blood.  Tapeworm infection is manifested by:

• Anemia
• Lethargy
• Lack of appetite
• Dull coat

Tapeworm is most commonly seen in adult animals in comparison to young, immature ones.  The eggs can remain dormant for up to a year if it does not find an intermediate host.  Humans can be infected by these worms from salad greens that have been improperly washed, and they can do some damage by forming larval cysts in the lungs, liver, and even the brain.

Whipworm/Hookworms

Compared to the previously stated types of worms, whipworms/hookworms are less common.  Another peculiar fact about this type of worm does not infect the dog via fecal-oral route.  The worm infects your dog by penetrating the thick soles of his feet, causing some tender, oftentimes painful lesions.  Other manifestations include:

• Severe weight loss due to diarrhea
• Blood loss
• Dehydration
• And in puppies:
  • Blood tinged diarrhea
  • Anemia
  • Weight loss
  • Lethargy

Your dog may or may not manifest these signs and symptoms in any type of intestinal parasitic infection.  In heavy infestations, they show other symptoms such as:

• Distended, pot-bellied stomach
• Pneumonia
• “Scooting” – dogs scratching their irritated anus by sitting on the ground and dragging himself.

In other cases, you may even notice flat, whitish, translucent segments around the size of a rice grain on your dog’s bedding or stool.  It is important to note that worms at the egg and larvae stage manifest no symptoms.  When the infestation is already between moderate to severe, your dog will start having problems and also begin showing the different signs and symptoms stated.

Prevention and Cure

There is no definite way to prevent your dog from getting worms. But you can safely cure your dog using several medications recommended by your vet.  Remember that these stated medications are only bought with the prescription of your vet.

1)  Drontal Plus (Praziquantel) – this is a broad-spectrum medication that fights common dog worms such as roundworm, tapeworm, and hookworm but are safe for puppies as young as 3 weeks, and roughly 2lbs.  It is important to take this drug according to the vet’s order, and you must raise some questions if you are confused over the treatment regimen.  The dose can be given with food, and there is no need for a period of fasting when giving the medication.

You must note that Drontal Plus has some side effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite.  If you notice some other unusual manifestations from the ones stated above, contact your veterinarian immediately.

2)  Iterceptor Flavor Tabs: these tablets are given once a month.  Its anti-helminthic property eliminates heartworm larvae and adult hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm.  It can be given to dogs as young as 4 weeks.  Side effects include drowsiness, vomiting, diarrhea, hypersalivation, seizures, and weakness.

These parasites can cause some major health problems in dogs, and can even lead to death if left untreated.  Make sure that you always bring your dog to the vet regularly so you can know immediately when your dog has intestinal parasites.

If you are buying a puppy, make sure that the breeder is regularly deworming the puppy starting at 2 weeks of life.  This way, you will be sure that your puppy will not have that much problems when it comes to worms. You also must maintain your dog’s health by continuing with the deworming regimen.

Puppies can be compared to babies that if they have been breastfed by the mother dog, they have been getting nutrition from the mother's milk but, they require more continuous protection from germs and diseases.

Once the puppies reach 8 weeks old, they take their first set of vaccines and then 4 weeks later, the 2nd set or booster shots are given. When puppies are 16 weeks old, the first set of rabies shots are given – this is a legal requirement in most locations - for rabies is a deadly disease that can kill both man and dog.

After the first round of vaccines, booster shots on different diseases can be done on an annual basis or in some cases, on an as needed, case by case situation. Regular veterinarian checkups can help you with these decisions. I have compiled a list on what conditions needs special attention and most especially getting the shots needed for prevention.

1. Canine parvovirus is a condition that affects blood and intestines of your pets. Once they enter the bloodstream, your dog experiences vomiting, diarrhea and are depressed. Canine Parvovirus is transferred from the feces of an infected dog and if you think your dog has this disease, act quickly. It has been reported that dogs die within couple of days after having contracted such a disease.

2. Rabies is a virus that affects the dogs’ central nervous system - that why they go ‘mad’. This disease is fatal and most states require your dog to have rabies shots as prevention. They are transferred from contact with saliva or a bite from a wild animal.

3. Infectious canine hepatitis affects dog tissues by attacking the liver and symptoms include cloudy or white eyes.  Dogs usually get this by contact with urine of a dog with hepatitis.

4. Canine leptospirosis affects the kidneys which can lead to kidney failure and typical symptoms are convulsions, impaired vision and they vomit a lot.  This can be transferred from the urine of the dog with the disease.

5. Canine distemper is contagious and attacks the central nervous system of the dog. Symptoms include a runny nose and frequent sneezing. This is transferred by contact through an infected dog’s eyes, ears and nose.  They are silent killers for the owner often only knows that the dog has it when the dog is soon or completely paralyzed already.

6. Canine bordetellosis affects the respiratory system and is contagious by just coming in contact through an infected dog’s nose and eyes and your dog experiences a bad case of rough cough.

Different dogs have different dietary needs and no two dogs are alike, so just because you have dogs of the same breed does not mean that they will require the exact same diet; each dog has its own dietary needs.

Choosing the proper diet for your dog is necessary and just because it's ‘good’ doesn't mean it's healthy.  Always make it a point to feed your dog a healthy and nutritious diet. With so many "healthy choices" for a dog’s proper diet out in the market, you just have to use proper common sense on what is ideal and what works.

Do ask friends or family to find a well respected veterinarian that they have taken their dog to in the past. And because veterinarians are the true animal experts, they don’t jump into the commercialism craze that dog foods have jumped into during recent times.

Therefore, they will be able to give your their unbiased recommendation on nutrition facts and a proper dietary regimen for your dog. Pick a brand of dog food that is of high quality after careful consideration of a dog’s weight, size, age and activity.

Do a combination of both dry and moist canned food on his daily diet to maintain dental hygiene.

Do make sure that your dog is getting the recommended amount of dietary protein that is essential to his growth. The average ratio is 40% protein, 30% fiber and 30% starch but as mentioned earlier, dogs are individuals and each are different so this can change with age, breed and body weight.

A fat dog doesn’t mean they're healthy so it is imperative that you do not overfeed them. Just like people, an obese dog will develop and suffer from future medical complications like bone and muscle problems and may have a not so normal growth.

Do research on how many times you should feed your particular kind of  dog.  Some just require once a day while some will require 2 meals. The key is to regularize feeding by being specific and consistent on the time when you feed your dog. Just give the necessary measured amount of dog food they need daily.

Do feed the dog table scraps but, only in his feeding bowl and away from the table. This will let the dog know that it is not acceptable to eat by the table and he has his own place for eating.

Finding the proper diet for your dog is not difficult - all you need to have is genuine concern and care for your dog; begin with a little research and advice – the rest is easy.

But one problem that many of us have in common is having financial problems that sometimes prevent us from seeking professional veterinarian care each time that we would like to. And so we have the option of ignoring some problems or we can use some home remedies.

The tips you will find below are inexpensive and the chances are you will already have some of the ingredients in your medicine cabinet or in your kitchen. I have used each of these methods over many years to treat my dogs. Believe it or not, these ingredients will work.

This first tip is one you may have never even considered or even thought about it:

Meat Tenderizer mixed with water, until it is a paste-like consistency can be applied directly to stings or bites. This will not harm your pet and it is likely that he will feel an almost instant relief from pain or stinging. The paste can be reapplied as needed.

You can also make a paste from baking soda and water. This is something that I used to use for my children when they were small and we called it the ‘magic potion’. The kids preferred this ‘potion’ over any store bought medication that I ever found. Once again, this paste can be reapplied as needed.

The 3rd tip I have for you is aloe vera gel, from a aloe vera leaf when I have them but for a backup I keep a aloe vera gel that I get from my local drug store. Again it's a simple matter of applying the gel directly onto the bite. The results are almost instantaneous. Not only does it work great for dogs, you can use this for yourself.

A simple cold cloth held on the area can provide some relief. Just imagine what would feel good to you if you had just been bitten or stung by a bug. Most of us immediately wash the area and apply something cool. Your dog will appreciate the same sort of treatment.

As always, it is important to remember that I am not a veterinarian, I am simply a dog owner that loves my pets. If you are concerned about the safety of these treatments I applaud the fact that you have such concern for your pet. Please ask your vet about the safety of these techniques now, before you need these remedies. You can also do a search online to find other safe home remedies.

As much as I love my dogs I have to realize that there are some differences between them and humans. The way they look at sex is one of those differences. Dogs obviously do have a drive to have sex – but it is driven by instinct. Intimacy and romance are not a part of the package for them.

This means that although a dog may be very loving toward his partner, they do not have the same type of relationship that humans do. If they are not having sex they are not feeling depressed or lonely because of it.

Many people have heard that neutering a dog will make him weaker or less ferocious. The fact is that neutering does not affect a dog’s physical abilities or strength.  In fact, neutering removes the sexual instinct that has some dogs attempting to track and chase females that are in heat.

Neutering can often help to correct many behavioral problems caused by the sex instinct in some dogs, especially in households with one or more pets and in a household with female dogs as well as people.

Neutered dogs can and do protect their territory. This means that if before neutering they were used as a guard dog to some degree, even after the procedure they will continue to guard and protect you and your property. These dogs are just as strong and masculine as ever.

Neutering is a responsible and loving thing for a pet owner to have done:  Many people use the argument that neutering an animal is unnatural. But in reality having pets is not a natural thing. After all, dogs were not always domesticated animals.

Their natural instinct is to live with a pack of dogs. But we have taken these animals in as members of our families. That makes it our responsibility to do what is best for them – to keep them safe and healthy.

Dogs that have not been neutered sometimes dangerously track and chase females in heat. Countless dogs get lost or hit by cars during such chases.  A neutered dog will not chase female dogs for the purpose of sex.  While we’re on the subject, it is important to keep in mind that when a male dog tracks and finds a female in heat the outcome is often a litter of unwanted puppies.

Neutering a dog does not cause him to gain weight or to be less active. However, in some cases dogs do gain weight after the surgery, but this is not related to the surgery itself. Instead, it is often due to the owner’s misconceptions and expectations that his dog will be slowing down.

This means the owner may unintelligently contribute to the dog’s weight gain by decreasing the amount of exercise the gets. Maintaining the proper feeding schedule with an appropriate amount of food and continuing with a healthy exercise routine is a must for maintaining the dog’s weight.

Another big advantage to having a dog neutered is that it eliminates certain health risks. With all these advantages it is easy to see that neutering is a wise choice for a responsible pet owner.

As a dog owner your goal is to insure the health and vitality of your pet. He depends on you for his well-being. Not only do you need to learn about the various food choices and insure that your pet eats nutritiously, but you also need to provide the food at intervals that work with his/her system. Things to look for include a healthy looking coat, energy, and formed stools.

Your choice of food is much more important than the schedule that you choose – but, you do need to know that your dog will do better if you develop a routine, a regular schedule of some sort that he can count on. Some dogs depend on schedules so much they know down to the minute when their owner should be home from work and when their food should be in their bowls.

One of the easier ways of feeding a dog is using the self-feeding method. This is just what it sounds like. Food is available all the time and the pet is allowed to eat whenever he chooses. The pros of this method are that it is easy for the owner; all he/she has to do is insure that food is kept in the bowl. The drawbacks are that if the bowl is ever empty the dog will be upset and this method can encourage overeating, which of course, can lead to obesity.

While some dog owners feed their pets once a day, this is actually the least desirable schedule. The total amount of food should be divided between two or three feedings if it is not provided continuously. By offering the food in two or more meals the dog has less opportunity to feel hungry; he actually keeps food in his system. This means that he will be less likely to overeat during mealtime.

Overeating can lead to digestive distress and other problems, including diarrhea. The resulting problems can escalate and the problem can snowball. But a dog that is fed two or three times a day will eat small amounts at each serving and will therefore have an easier time of digesting his food.

Whether you choose multiple feedings or the self-feeding schedule, your pet will adjust and do fine. But remember that your dog will expect the routine to continue once it is started.

One of the most common causes of diarrhea is a change in diet. Some dogs are more sensitive to changes than others. A dog that has been conditioned by being fed a wide variety of foods, such as table scraps, is less likely to be bothered by a change than a dog that has always eaten a particular brand of dog food. Even a change in drinking water, such as when traveling, can result in temporary diarrhea.

Puppies have especially sensitive intestinal tracts. Therefore it is essential that any changes in their diets be made very gradually. If you purchased your puppy from a breeder you probably received a sample of the dog food that he was eating while there. That is the food your puppy should begin eating when you take him home.

If you want to change to something else you should make the change gradually. Begin by mixing 3 parts of the original food to 1 part of the new. If your puppy tolerates that then after about a week you can change the mixture to about half and half.

Feed that concoction for about a week. If all goes well then you can move it up to 1 part of the original food from the breeder and 3 parts new. Once again, you should feed that mixture for about a week. And finally, your puppy will totally be on the food of your choice.

Underfeeding and overfeeding can also result in diarrhea. An underfed dog will eat to the point of illness when it finally has the opportunity. This often results in diarrhea. Feeding schedules should be adjusted to meet the needs of particular dogs according to their age, etc.

Most breeders and many vets recommend self-feeding, in which dry food is always available for the dog. Others suggest that the full day’s food be divided into two servings; one early in the day and the other late in the day.

Excessive water consumption can also result in diarrhea. The truth is that when a dog is drinking copious amounts of water there are often underlying causes that require medical attention and a visit to the veterinarian is in order.

Spoiled food, whether it is food that was actually given to the pet or food that he found in a garbage can, etc. can often cause diarrhea. Food from garbage cans in itself may be safe but the fact is that garbage cans are likely to hold many contaminates that the dog may encounter as he digs for the food. Those culprits may lead to serious digestive problems.

Parasites, such as whip or hook worms can cause diarrhea, and there are a variety of illnesses including distemper in which diarrhea is a symptom. But in most cases, diarrhea is not a major health risk.

It usually has something to do with the dog’s diet and within a day or two the problems subside. If it lasts more than a day or two, or if your dog is showing other signs of distress, don’t take a chance, visit your veterinarian.

It probably will not come as a surprise when I say that fleas are a common problem for dogs. Of course, some areas are more heavily infested with the pests than others but few dog owners will argue the fact that fleas are indeed a nuisance.

Not only do they irritate our pets, causing them to itch and scratch, but the pests can actually infest our homes. Over the years many different methods have been used to minimize this problem, many of which include the use of chemicals. While these solutions may be effective their safety is somewhat questionable. For that reason many people are turning to natural alternatives.

These methods are safe to use on your pet, around your children, and of course, in your home. They are safer for the environment than the chemically-based formulas; however, they may not be quite as effective.

Some natural home remedies for fleas include: coriander, bay leaves, dill, lemon peel, and cloves. Placing these in cabinets and cupboards where food is stored will keep fleas from infesting those areas. Feeding your dog garlic and diets rich in essential fatty acids can help to make your pet less attractive to fleas.

One of the basic and simplest ways to combat a flea infestation is to vacuum on a daily basis. Fleas can get down deep into the pile of the carpet so the vacuuming can collect them. Just be sure to empty the bag/canister outdoors as soon as you are done. It is also important to keep your pet free from fleas by brushing and combing him. Additionally, you will need to wash his bedding and other areas that he routinely visits on a regular basis.

Fleas are attracted to light so one way to collect and drown fleas is to use a night light or candle and a shallow plate of water. If you use a candle you can place the glowing candle in the plate of water in a dark room. The fleas will be attracted to the light and when they jump toward it they will land in the water and drown.

Using the night light is the same concept. Plug the light into an outlet and set the plate of water below it. Once again, the thought is that the fleas will jump into the water in an attempt to reach the light and they will drown.

An alternative for flea spray is a mixture of half vinegar and half water. Be sure not to get this in your dog’s eyes or ears. This will help to kill fleas on your pet, his bedding, your furniture, and even your carpet. If you believe fleas are deep down in your carpet you can sprinkle salt over it and leave it set for a few hours before vacuuming. The salt works to kill the fleas.

Using safe, natural ways to rid your pet and home of fleas is better for you and for the environment. You will save money and both you and your pet will feel better.

These pesky little parasites are not only annoying to our pets but they can actually cause real health problems. Fleas not only bite our pets, they literally suck the blood from them. This results in an irritation and the dog will scratch, bite and dig at the sites. If the dog accidentally eats a flea internal worms can develop.

Dog owners have to be alert to early signs of fleas if they are to avoid an infestation on their pets. If you notice your pet scratching more than usual there is a good chance he is suffering with fleas. In which case, a simple check of his skin should provide evidence of the parasites. You are likely to find fleas or perhaps the flea’s droppings.

Flea droppings or excrement will look much like dirt particles. But if moistened this dirt will turn reddish – that red color is from the blood of your dog!

Don’t panic though. There are several ways that you can deal with this problem. You do need to be aware that when your pet scratches he may be distributing fleas. You also need to know that fleas multiply very quickly so in order to prevent an infestation in your home you will need to take some extra steps.

It’s a good idea to talk with your veterinarian about the problem. He is likely to have the perfect solution suitable for you and your pet. There are many chemically-based sprays and shampoos available.

Some are only available through a veterinarian and others can be purchased at a pet shop or even a grocery store. Always follow the directions precisely as instructed because misuse of these products can result in allergic reactions or serious medical problems.

Your veterinarian will also be able to guide you in using natural, nonchemical solutions. These options are safe and environmentally friendly. When it comes to your home you can begin with an easy ‘treatment’ that consists of a thorough cleaning of the dog’s bedding and other favorite areas.

Regular vacuuming can go a long way in collecting fleas and their eggs that may be in carpet or on furniture; just be sure to empty the bag after each use and dispose of it outdoors. There are also sprays and ‘foggers’ available that act to kill any fleas in a given area.

Early detection is key to preventing a flea infestation. Be alert to your dog’s scratching and explore the possibility that he may have fleas. If you find that he does immediately take steps to eradicate the pests from your pet and your home. Your dog will be more comfortable and you will be able to enjoy your little companion without worry that he is depositing fleas in your home or on you.

The symptoms may not be apparent and therefore the condition may go unnoticed. In fact, some dogs have died of pancreatitis without showing signs of the problem. Just to be on the safe side it is wise to avoid being overly generous with your holiday meals.

Keep the fatty table scraps for compost and let your dog eat his regular food. And please remember that turkey bones should never be given to a dog because they splinter – which means they can cause serious problems for your dog.

Many of the desserts and treats we indulge in at holiday time not only contain too many calories for our pets (and us!), but in some cases, they are very dangerous for our pets. A good example of this is chocolate. Chocolate has been known to cause everything from vomiting to coma and even death. Raisins can also be detrimental to dogs. This can include even a few raisins so dogs should not eat treats that contain raisins.

Many of the decorative items used at Christmas time are dangerous to dogs. Snow globes are one example. Although the newer globes are usually filled with a safe liquid, many of the older ones are said to be filled with a poisonous fluid. Since it is almost impossible to be sure if your snow globe is safe or not, it is wise to insure that it is in a safe location.

The Poinsettia plant can make a dog very ill if eaten. Although the illness is usually short-lived, it is very uncomfortable. Mistletoe and Holly can cause more serious problems.

When it comes to Christmas and decorating we leave no stone unturned. We hang wreaths on the doors and put trees up in our homes. We then drape sparkling tinsel over our lovely tree, which of course, is another hazard to our little pets. In addition to the tinsel we light our tree up which means we have electrical cords attached to it. Once again, this can be another dangerous item for a dog.

If we are using a live tree we may add chemicals to the water in the tree stand to extend the life of the tree. If our dog drinks that water he could become very ill.

As we enjoy the holidays many of us relax with alcohol or even recreational drugs. A word of caution: some dogs like the taste of alcohol, but for safety reasons, dogs should never be allowed to consume alcohol. Dogs seem to be very susceptible to marijuana. The effects can last for up to two days and they can be severe.

During the holidays and all other times, insure that your home is safe for your pet. Don’t allow him to be around things that pose a threat to him. Remember, your dog’s safety is your responsibility, he depends on you.

Other owners simply believe that their pet is beautiful and that allowing him/her to generate puppies would mean that others could also enjoy such a beautiful pet. And of course, some people are breeders, and true breeders have a goal of continuing the purity and quality of the breed.

Before we go any further, you should learn what the words ‘spay’ and neuter’ mean. Spaying usually includes the surgical removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. During neutering of male dogs the testicles are removed.

There are many organizations that offer free or reduced fees on these procedures. Additionally, depending on where you purchase your pet, the procedure may already be factored in according to a contractual agreement. If the cost is a factor in your decision-making process then you can put in a Google search for ‘free spay and neuter’.

In reality, most dog owners find that an altered pet is a better companion. The procedure does not change their basic personality. A watch dog will still be just as territorial as ever, and a lapdog with a sweet disposition will remain just that. The difference will be that the male dogs will no longer have "the urge".

Male dogs are known to mark their territory and to escape from their yard in an attempt to mate with a female in heat. Roaming dogs in search of a mate are likely to become aggressive with other dogs, or even people. Another risk is that of running into traffic in search of a female. Neutering can reduce those instincts and have a calming effect.

Females come into heat approximately every six months. During that time (which can last for up to 3 weeks) she is likely to drip blood throughout your home and her temperament is likely to change. She may be short-tempered and even aggressive with other female dogs in the home and she is likely to actively seek a mate.

These procedures have been proven to prevent certain types of cancer and other health problems. But as with any type of surgery, there some risks involved, but the procedures rarely come with complications.

Check with your veterinarian to decide the best age to have the procedure done. He/she will be able to discuss fees and surgery preparation, surgery itself, and aftercare. Typically the dog will stay at the veterinarian hospital for at least several hours or overnight.

Spaying and neutering is good for your pet and for you. Your pet will be safer and happier in some ways and you will have the peace of mind in knowing that you are not contributing to the millions of pets that are needlessly euthanized every year.

The good news is that the rabies vaccine is very effective in preventing the spread of rabies to pet dogs and cats. And, rabies vaccinations are required by law in most areas, which helps to protect both people and pets. These vaccinations are considered to be core vaccines for dogs and cats.

The particulars of the rabies protocols differ slightly from one state to another and even from one veterinarian to another, but typically, the first vaccine is given to puppies at 12 weeks. A rabies booster vaccine is given a year later and then it is administered either annually or every three years.

Insuring that a pet receives and keeps current with the rabies vaccine is an important component of dog ownership. It protects the family of the pet, the pet itself, as well as other animals and people. When a person is bitten by a dog one of the first things checked is the veterinarian record.

In most cases, if the dog is current with his vaccines, according to the state protocols, the danger of the individual being exposed to rabies is considered negligible. But if the dog was not vaccinated it is likely that the animal will be quarantined for a period of ten to fourteen days. In most cases, the owner of the pet will be responsible for the cost of this confinement which will take place in a secured facility.

Incubation in a person is usually three to eight weeks but it can be as long as two years. Initial symptoms may include numbness around the area of the bite, fever, headaches, and general fatigue.

If a dog is bitten by a rabid animal or is suspected of being infected with rabies the outcome will be much more positive if the dog has been vaccinated against rabies. If so, in most cases the pet will be re-vaccinated and confined for a period of time (which varies from state to state, generally from 30 – 50 days).

If the animal was not vaccinated and the exposure is confirmed the usual recommendation is euthanasia for the pet. Otherwise, the pet is quarantined for a lengthy period of time, often for as long as six months.

The confinement takes place in a secure facility and the pet owner is liable for the expenses incurred. Fines are also assessed for not having the pet properly vaccinated. If the dog shows signs of illness euthanasia is likely.

When an animal is infected with the rabies virus the infection or virus is replicated in tissues throughout the body and it eventually reaches the brain. When it does there is a personality change in the animal. The dog is likely to be aggressive and dangerous to be around.

Soon afterward the animal’s throat is likely to become paralyzed, preventing him from swallowing. In this phase you are likely to see drooling or foaming at the mouth. Death usually occurs within ten days from the time the brain of the animal becomes infected.

This includes things like training your dog basic commands that could literally save his life, and learning about proper nutrition for your pet so you can insure that he gets a proper diet. Taking that one step farther, consideration should be given to the type of bowl that your dog will eat from.

Nowadays there are lots of choices available when it comes to dog dishes. We can find bowls that match our décor, personalized styles, or even self-feeding type bowls. They are also made from various materials, including everything from plastic and ceramic to metal.

Ideally the dog bowl should be easy to clean. Plastic bowls may not be a good choice for puppies because young dogs sometimes like to chew on things, including their food dish. A more durable bowl may be safer for them.

Size really does matter. The size of the bowl should be right for the amount of food that you feed your dog. Using a bowl that is too large can easily lead to over-feeding. Obviously, that can result in your dog becoming obese and unhealthy. Using a bowl that is too small can mean more work for you since you will have to feed your dog more often.

Another very important consideration is the depth of the bowl. If your dog has a short face you will need to use a shallow bowl. But dogs that have long muzzles can eat from deeper dishes without difficulty. One more issue related to the dog’s comfort when eating is the elevation of the dish.

When dishes are raised up at a higher level, so that the dog does not have to bend his neck downward as he eats and swallows, eating is more comfortable for the dog. This is especially true for larger dogs. Dishes can be purchased in small raised holders or you can improvise with your own devices.

If your dog has a tendency to scoot his bowl across the floor you may want to consider looking for bowls that have rubber feet that will keep them in place. Another option is adding the rubber pads yourself or simply using a rubber mat to place the bowls on.

Self-feeding bowls are the ones that have a dish that is continually filled. The reservoir is filled with a large quantity of food that drops down as the dog eats.

The development of such problems usually begins with such signs as swollen, red, and painful gums. Your pet may have less of an appetite as well. These signs indicate a need for immediate professional care. Tooth decay and/or the loss of teeth usually indicate the presence of bacteria in the mouth.

If left untreated the damage can progress from only involving the mouth to further damage that can include serious complications related to the kidneys, lungs, and heart, all of which can lead to a shortened lifespan. Periodontal problems usually start with the formation of plague.

Plaque builds on the teeth and in thirty-six hours or less, plaque can harden and tartar can form. This problem usually develops first and the worst in the upper back teeth. Unfortunately, once tartar has formed, it cannot be brushed away.

The good news is that these problems can be avoided. Although healthy routines can be started with any dog at any age, it is always best to start healthy routines with a young puppy. If the dog is older you should insure that he has a professional dental cleaning and then begin the healthy dental routine at home.

If you have a regular routine of brushing your dog’s teeth on a daily basis you can avoid most of these problems. The routine should be established while the dog is young if at all possible. He will then accept the brushing as part of his regular care.

At first the dog will wonder what you are doing so it is best to allow him to taste the doggy toothpaste. These special pastes are formulated to be appealing to dogs. You can use your finger or a special dog toothbrush. Don’t forget to clean both the teeth and the gums. Begin in the back and work in small circular motions. The entire brushing process will take less than a minute.

Providing such things as chew treats, hard dog biscuits and bones, and even soft toys for your pet can help to prevent dental problems. Besides keeping the teeth strong and healthy many of the items are specially formulated to freshen the breath. Feeding crunchy food items on a regular basis is another way to keep your pet’s teeth healthier.

Another tip is that while warming your dog’s food will often make it more appealing it is important to insure that the food is only slightly warm and never hot. On the flip side, dogs should not be served cold food.

So if your dog is playing with a dog that has Distemper, he will have the necessary antibodies to fight off the disease before he get sick from it. Your puppy should be vaccinated against a couple of really bad illnesses when he is little. Those illnesses are Distemper, Rabies, Bordetella, Leptospirosis, and Parvovirus.

When your puppies reaches the age of six weeks, he will get his first vaccinations for Hepatitis, Distemper, Corona Viral Enteritis, Parvo Virus, Parainfluenza, and Leptospirosis. He will get his second vaccination shots about three weeks later and then have to have a vaccination shot every year after that. He will get the rabies shot when he is three months old, when he is six months old, and then every year.

You should schedule the vaccinations for your puppy before he reaches the age of four months. Your vet will know which vaccinations he should have and what order they should be given in. You will most likely receive a card that states what vaccinations have been given to your puppy and what he still has to have.

It is important to keep up with your pets booster shots so that your puppy's immune system has the antibodies he needs. If your puppy's immune system stays built up, he won't get sick as easily and will be able to ward off major illnesses.

You need to be aware that certain vaccines may not work for certain puppies. There are puppies that naturally have very weak immune systems. If your puppy gets sick after he has had all of the correct vaccines, you need to talk to your vet.

Don't be scared to ask for help if you don't know what to do. Your vet will be glad to give you the answers you need and will help your pet get better.

When the pregnancy has gone on for about forty days, parasites will be able to go through the placenta and go to the fetus. Puppies can get parasites from the mom's milk as well. Most of the parasites that infect a puppy are very mobile. They will be able to infect the lungs and the intestines.

A very horrible type of parasite is called heartworms. Dogs can get heartworms through mosquito bites and it can be fatal. A sample of blood will have to be taken and looked at by a vet. If the test shows that your dog does not have heartworms, the vet will still give your dog some medicine for heartworms just as a precaution. If your dog does have heartworms, he will have to stay in the hospital.

Another parasite problem is roundworms, and a lot of dogs are born having these parasites. They are infected with the larvae while they are still a fetus. Humans can get them through the stool of a dog. If a dog eats the stool of an animal, he can ingest the roundworms. Be sure to wash your hands after you touch your dog and get all your dog's stool out of the yard.

Some individuals do not have any symptoms. Sometimes the roundworms will infect a human and migrate to their brain, eyes, or liver. You should make sure that your puppy is wormed when it is two weeks old, four weeks, six weeks, and eight weeks.

One parasite that is external is a tick. Ticks live on your puppy's skin. They appear to be little black dots on the skin. To get them off of your dog's skin, use tweezers. It is important that you do not pull them off with your fingers.

Not only do ticks suck your dog's blood, but they can infect them with diseases like Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme Disease. The tick will dig deep into the skin, so you have to be sure to pull the whole thing out.

Be sure that your puppy has food that is good for him and taste good too. Find food that will be good for him according to his age. If you have a new puppy, he should be eating food for puppies. Make the decision on what food you are going to give him before you take him home with you. This way, you won't be rushing at the last minute and possibly feeding him something that is not good for him.

A popular form of puppy food is dry food. You can store it easily and he will like the way it tastes. It also assists in keeping his teeth cleaner. Soft food is good as well, because your puppy will eat a lot of it and get more nutrition out of it.

There is a lot of water in canned food. Canned food is not as nutritional, so you might have to give your puppy more of this so they can get the nutrition they need.

Check out what vitamins and materials are in the food by looking at the label. Does it contain a good amount of protein, fat, calories, and nutrients in it? Does it taste good and is it very costly? You need to think about these things when you purchase food for your puppy.

If you change your dog's diet, they may refuse to eat certain foods and become picky about what they eat. Give the puppy enough time to get used to the new food. If your puppy won't eat it after you have given him enough time, switch to a different kind of food. If he still will not eat, you should probably make an appointment with your vet to get him checked out.

Many individuals give their dogs food straight from their table. This is the same as snacking between meals, and it will make it so the dog is not hungry when he need to eat his real food. Try not to give your dog food from the table.

If you need a good container for all these, a small toolbox is great for this purpose. In the event of losing your first aid kit, be sure to have the names and numbers of you and your vet, as well as your address.

If your puppy is bleeding, stop the bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound. Keep the pressure for around ten minutes, then wrap up the injury. If you're dealing with a chemical, electrical or heat burn, look for blistering and swelling.

Cool the wound with a lot of cold water. Apply ice afterward for more than twenty minutes. The ice pack should be covered in some kind of insulation, like a towel. Immediately get ahold of your vet on the phone.

If your dog gets diarrhea, it can go through some tough times. Make sure it has plenty of water, but no food for at least half a day. If your puppy looks blocked up, it could actually be diarrhea soreness. Contact your veterinarian if your pet shows no sign of improvement.

You don't want your pup to undergo heatstroke. Signs of heatstroke include vomiting, breathing difficulty, and a high body temperature. Cool down the dog with some water. Surround the pup with a cold towel and keep cooling him until his temperature is under 103 degrees. Contact your veterinatian.

Also get ahold of your vet if the dog has hurt or fractured one of their limbs. Check for shock and wounds that bleed. Resetting the fracture by yourself can result in further unknown damage to your pet. Just keep the limb supported as you get them to the vet.

Make sure that you don't get bitten if your puppy suffer another animal's bite. If they're hurting, every dog will bite. Use saline to clean out the bite, and surround it in gauze. Put pressure on it if it's bleeding. Refrain from the use of tourniquets. Gloves should be worn to avoid any kind of contamination from your pet.

Your new puppy will need some someplace soft and dry to spend the night. It might be helpful to put a toy or blanket in with him that has his mother's scent. Do not go and pick him up when he whines and cries, or he will do it more. If you put a sheet over the crate or box where he is to sleep, it will help him sleep.

Be aware that puppies are very mischievous and will try to get into everything. You need to keep things that might hurt your puppy out of reach, like wires, marbles, rocks, or plants that are dangerous to dogs.

When you scold your new puppy, you should do it just like you are saying no to a child. When you do scold him, be sure to redirect him and show him what he should be doing. If he is ripping the newspaper to shreds, remove the newspaper and give him a toy to chew on. Make sure that when he begins to chew on his toy that you praise him. When you scold him, the scolds should be short and sharp.

If you hit him, you will only be creating more problems. By doing this, he might become scared of you, timid, or mean. Always praise him what what he does right. A good way to reinforce good behaviors is to give him treats. Or you can give him a hug and pet him.

The only food that you should give him is food that is designed for puppies to eat. Be careful that the food does not contain high amounts of protein or too many vitamins, because this can be dangerous for the puppy. Make sure that he gets fed two to three times every day.

Most of the time, a puppy will eat all the food they want in fifteen minutes, so after that, take the dish away. When they get bigger, between ten to twelve weeks, you can start giving them food in the morning and in the evening.

These tips should assist your puppy in getting through his first few weeks without his mother and siblings. And the bond that is formed between you and your puppy will last forever.